Everything about Dynamic And Formal Equivalence totally explained
Dynamic equivalence and
formal equivalence are two approaches to
translation. The dynamic (also known as
functional equivalence) attempts to convey the
thought expressed in a
source text (if necessary, at the expense of
literalness, original
word order, the
source text's
grammatical voice, etc.), while formal attempts to render the text word-for-word (if necessary, at the expense of natural expression in the
target language). The two approaches represent emphasis, respectively, on
readability and on
literal fidelity to the source text. There is, however, in reality no sharp boundary between dynamic and formal equivalence. Broadly, the two represent a spectrum of translation approaches.
The terms "dynamic equivalence" and "formal equivalence" are associated with the translator
Eugene Nida, and were originally coined to describe ways of translating the
Bible, but the two approaches are applicable to any translation.
Theory and practice
Because dynamic equivalence eschews strict adherence to the original text in favor of a more natural rendering in the target language, it's sometimes used when the readability of the translation is more important than the preservation of the original wording. Thus a
novel might be translated with greater use of dynamic equivalence so that it may read well, while in
diplomacy the precise original meaning may be the uppermost consideration, favoring greater adherence to formal equivalence.
Completely unambiguous formal translation of larger works is more goal than reality, if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language. In such cases a more dynamic translation may be used or a
neologism may be created in the target language to represent the concept (sometimes by borrowing a word from the source language).
The more the source language differs from the target language, the more difficult it may be to understand a literal translation. On the other hand, formal equivalence can sometimes allow readers familiar with the source language to see how meaning was expressed in the original text, preserving untranslated
idioms,
rhetorical devices (such as
chiastic structures in the
Hebrew Bible), and
diction.
Bible translation
The concept of dynamic equivalence, applied to
Bible translation, was developed especially by the
linguist Eugene A. Nida.
Translators of the Bible have taken various approaches in rendering it into English, ranging from an extreme use of formal equivalence, to extreme use of dynamic equivalence.
Formal equivalence
A balance between dynamic and formal equivalence
Today's New International Version
New International Version
New Revised Standard Version
Extensive use of dynamic equivalence
New Living Translation
Good News Bible (formerly "Today's English Version")
The MessageFurther Information
Get more info on 'Dynamic And Formal Equivalence'.
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